ABSTRACT

Background:

We describe two systematic reviews and univariate meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials to estimate the effect size of aerobic exercise training on the standard lipid profile of adults diagnosed with, and free of, metabolic syndrome; and the determination if study or intervention covariates explain change in lipid outcomes.

Methods:

English language searches of online databases from inception to June 2020. Data will be included from (a) randomized controlled trials of sedentary adult humans with intervention and non-exercising control groups of n ≥ 10; (b) an aerobic exercise training intervention duration ≥12 weeks of at least moderate intensity (>40% VO_2MAX); and (c) reporting of pre/post lipid measurements. Subjects with chronic disease (except diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome), or pregnant/lactating, or trials testing diet/medication, or resistance/isometric/unconventional training will be excluded.

Results:

We will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement. Univariate meta-analysis will estimate the effect size of aerobic exercise training on the standard lipid profile, using a random raw mean difference, Knapp-Hartung adjusted, 95% confidence interval, model. Statistical tests and precision and standard error funnel plots will evaluate heterogeneity. Multivariate meta-regression will explore whether study or intervention covariates explain change in lipids. Analyses will be performed in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0. Study quality will be evaluated using TESTEX.

Conclusion:

We aim to estimate the effect size of aerobic exercise training on the standard lipid profiles of adults with and free of metabolic syndrome, and establish if these changes result in minimal meaningful change to cardiovascular disease risk. We aim to determine if meta-regression covariates might explain change in lipids.

ABSTRACT

Obesity-related conditions are among the most expensive health care problems, accounting for $92 billion to $117 billion in annual health care costs. Obesity treatment has therefore emerged as a prime focus of health care. However, there is currently no reliable method to consistently attain and sustain weight loss as evidenced by the continually escalating prevalence of overweight/obese adults in the United States, now exceeding 70%. The difficulty many have in decreasing body weight and maintaining weight loss is largely because of a coordinated set of compensatory mechanisms the body uses to resist maintenance of an energy deficit induced by exercise or energy-restricted dieting. By working to maintain energy balance, these compensatory mechanisms represent an important barrier to many individuals' weight loss efforts. For this review, relevant publications were searched via PubMed database using the terms obesity treatment, exercise, energy compensation, compensatory mechanisms, and weight loss. This paper provides an overview of these specific compensatory mechanisms, the physiology driving them, and how different exercise modalities influence energy compensation. There are many sources of energy compensation including metabolic, hormonal, and behavioral, which may either drive eating behaviors or reduce energy expenditure when attempting weight loss. Exercise is a useful weight loss strategy only if these compensatory mechanisms do not completely abolish the negative energy balance produced by exercise. There is evidence that greater amounts of exercise can overcome these compensatory responses to produce significant weight loss without dietary intervention.

ABSTRACT

It is well established that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with numerous morbidities independent of age, biological sex, race or ethnicity, and commonly obtained risk factors. More recent evidence also demonstrates that the addition of CRF to multivariable risk prediction algorithms used to estimate cardiovascular disease risk improves risk stratification. However, it is neither feasible nor appropriate to perform an exercise test to quantify CRF during most routine clinical encounters. A growing number of studies have suggested that CRF can be assessed pragmatically and reasonably accurately without performing a maximal exercise test. The concept that CRF can be substantially improved in response to regular exercise consistent with consensus recommendations underscores the recommendation that CRF should be a routine measure—a vital sign—across health care settings. Herein, we provide a brief, narrative overview of the evidence in support of this recommendation.

Clawson LL, Cudkowicz M, Krivickas L, Brooks BR, Sanjak M, Allred P, Atassi N, Swartz A, Steinhorn G, Uchil A, Riley KM, Yu H, Shoenfeld DA, Maragakis NJ. A randomized controlled trial of resistance and endurance exercise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degene. 2018;19(3–4):250–8.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is classified as a neurodegenerative disease that results in destruction of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord (1). The cause of this disease is unknown, with 90% of all cases being nonfamilial (1). As ALS progresses, it results in cachexia, loss of muscle

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Arterial Health in Adults With Down Syndrome

Brantley K. BallengerPhD, ACSM-CEP,

Stanley P. BrownPhD,

Bo FernhallPhD,

Robert W. MotlPhD, and

Stamatis AgiovlasitisPhD, ACSM-CEP

The Cost of Chronic Disease—Clinical Exercise Physiologists Can Be Part of the Solution

Aerobic Exercise, Metabolic Syndrome, and Lipid Profiles: Protocol for a Quantitative Review

ABSTRACT

Background:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Energy Compensation with Exercise and Dietary-Induced Weight Loss

ABSTRACT

Implementing Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Routine Measure in Health Care Settings

ABSTRACT

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Resistance Training, Endurance Exercise, Tolerance, and Compliance

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Arterial Health in Adults With Down Syndrome

Health Care Professionals’ Promotion of Exercise Referral Schemes in New South Wales

Enrolling Patients With Claudication into Supervised Exercise Therapy: A Single-Center Experience

Farewell, but Not Goodbye

Feasibility of Noninvasive Diastolic Stress Testing in the 10- to 21-Year-Old Age Group